英語の書き方を学ぶべく、
を順々に読んでいく。
今回からは「英語ライティングルールブック第3版」を読んでいく。*1
6. 文法
6.1 前置詞
6.1.3 forの用法
は元々方向を表すが、「目的・理由など」の方が主流である。
(1) | 「…に向かって」という方向や対象を表す。 | ||
(2) | 「賛成して」という意味を持つ。 | ||
(3) | 「…のために」と目的を表す。また何かを「得るために」というニュアンスから「…を求めて」を意味する。 | ||
(4) | 「…の理由で」という意味を表す。 | ||
(5) | 「…の代わりに」「…と交換に」という意味を表す。 | ||
(6) | 期間・距離について「…の間(ずっと)」という意味を表す。 |
E.g. | (1) | This train is bound for Tokyo. |
C.f. I went to Tokyo several years ago. | ||
(2) | Are you for or against his proposal? | |
(3) | This chair is designed for babies. | |
I'd like to ask for your help. | ||
We need to win the struggle for survival. | ||
(4) | Eric was fined for a parking violation. | |
(5) | I'll give you my computer for your desk. | |
I think you paid too much for that printer. | ||
(6) | Why don't we take a rest and talk for a while? | |
He has been out of work for these three months. | ||
A beautiful country scenery stretched for miles. |
6.1.4 fromの用法
の根源的な用法は、「起点」である。
(1) | 場所・時間について「…から」と起点を表す。到達点を表すと併記される場合も多い。 | ||
(2) | 物事の差異を示す。 | ||
(3) | 「起点」の意味から発展し、物事の由来や観点、根拠、原因などの「…から」の意味を表す。 |
E.g. | (1) | How far is your office from here? |
It took me 20 minutes to walk from my house to the office. | ||
The new policy will take effect from the first day of next month. | ||
(2) | He is different from what he used to be. | |
(3) | You need to learn from mistakes. | |
Judging from the look of the sky, I'm sure it will start to rain soon. |
6.1.5 inの用法
の基本的な用法は、「…の中に」である。ほぼすべての用法がここから派生している。
(1) | 「中に」の意味で広さに関係なく用いる。場所を表す場合、はに比べて比較的広い場所に用いる。狭い場所であっても「…の中で」という意味合いならばを用いる。 | ||
(2) | がある一時点を表すのに対し、はある程度の幅のある期間を示す。また月・季節・年を示すときにも用いる。更に「今から…の後に」「…が経って」という意味を表すこともある*2。 | ||
(3) | 「…という状態で」という意味を表す。 | ||
(4) | 「…で」「…において」などの意味を表す。 | ||
(5) | 「…という形で」「…を成して」を意味する。 | ||
(6) | 衣服や放送の種類や色などを示して、外見を表す。 |
E.g. | (1) | Show me what you have in your hand. |
I have never played in such a huge hall as this. | ||
There is only one large printer in this prefecture. | ||
We have two factories in Europe. | ||
I'll be in the library for the next two hours. | ||
(2) | Mike said he would visit us in the morning. | |
C.f. It's not good to eat late at night. | ||
It is usually the hottest here in August. | ||
We often go skiing in winter. | ||
The war broke out in 2011. | ||
The chicken will be ready to eat in five minutes. | ||
He will come back to Japan in a month. | ||
C.f. I told him that I'd finish the job within a few hours. | ||
C.f. After a year of working there, I decided to quit. | ||
(3) | I fell in love with Kathy. | |
I always try to keep in good health. | ||
(4) | This model is made of plastic. In that sense, it is inferior to the previous model. | |
You can contact us in two ways: Call us or send us an e-mail. | ||
(5) | There were many people waiting in line. | |
All the participants were asked to stand in a circle. | ||
(6) | The girl over there in a red sweater is Mary. |